Where have all the CDCs gone? For decades, Community Development Corporations tackled some of America’s most challenging problems: neighborhood revitalization, affordable housing, community economic development, workforce development and job creation, financial empowerment and food access.
Unfortunately, for many communities, the CDC model has faded away with cuts to funding and new philosophies taking root. No “new philosophy," however, has proven as effective as the Community Development Corporation model.
The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Republican Senator Jacob Javits set the tone for a new bipartisan social conscience that recognized that large segments of urban society had been left out of the American dream and needed to be included if the country as a whole was to prosper.
Aspirations for economic inclusion eventually gave birth to the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, the signature piece of legislation that is credited with launching CDCs in every state as well as more than 1,000 Community Action Agencies nationally. Cited by some as the United States’ official declaration of War on Poverty, the Act specified a range of workforce training programs, urban and rural community action programs, special programs to combat poverty in rural areas and employment and investment incentives.
The First CDC
The first CDC was founded 52 years ago, in 1967, amidst a complex set of social and racial factors in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant. Responding to increasing racial tensions both within New York City and nationally, Senator Robert F. Kennedy visited Bedford-Stuyvesant and worked with local residents to forge a new community development model that still underpins the foundational philosophy of many community development efforts.
Senator Kennedy himself summed up the philosophy that inspired the creation of this first CDC: “An effort in one problem area is almost worthless. A program for housing, without simultaneous programs for jobs, education, welfare reform, healt, and economic development cannot succeed. The whole community must be involved as a whole.”
The first CDC in Bedford-Stuyvesant received its grants from the Stern Family Fund, J. M. Kaplan Fund, Ford Foundation and Astor Foundation. Seven months later they received a $7 million grant from the Department of Labor made possible by a 1966 amendment to the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 drafted by Kennedy and Javits to provide the private sector with incentive payments in exchange for investments in impoverished areas. The Community Development Corporation concept was launched.
CDCs Today
While CDCs are not as common nationally as they once were, they still have a significant impact.
For example, the Ohio CDC Association’s most recent impact report says CDCs across Ohio made substantial gains in multiple areas. In 2016 alone, these CDCs:
- Invested over $350 million in their communities through affordable housing, serving more than 39,000 households.
- Helped over 42,000 households with job training and small business development, resulting in 1,000 new or expanded local businesses that created more than 2,500 jobs in low income communities.
- Connected over 131,000 Ohioans to CDC food programs, including investing $2.6 million in food access programs.
- Improved the financial well-being of 35,000 people by investing $6.5 million in financial empowerment programs which leveraged more than $65 million of assets for low income people.
The combined efforts of Nonprofits and Social Services agencies in combating systemic poverty is exemplified by the Community Development Corporation. Perhaps it is time for us to take a fresh look at this legacy model.
